Asseri, Ahmed Ibrahim, and Faisal @ Ahamad Faisal Abdul Hamid. 2017. “The Motives of the Crusades from The Perspective of Morad Hoffman”. Al-Muqaddimah: Online Journal of Islamic History and Civilization 5 (2):79-84. https://mjlis.um.edu.my/index.php/MUQADDIMAH/article/view/15671.