Information needs and information seeking behaviour of rural dwellers in Sarawak, Malaysia
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Abstract
This research aims to investigate the information needs and information seeking behaviour of the rural dwellers in Sarawak focusing on identifying their information needs; examining their use of information sources; assessing their perception of quality and accessibility of the information sources; and determining the barriers to information seeking. An interviewer-administered questionnaire survey is adopted for data collection, from the rural dwellers, covering broadly the northern, central, and southern regions of Sarawak. This study covers a broader range of information needs (12 types) and use of information sources (20 sources) of the rural dwellers in Sarawak. Using a quota sampling technique based on geographical region, data are collected from 130 respondents in each region, a total of 390 respondents. This paper reports the research findings using descriptive statistical analysis. The rural dwellers have the highest needs in the area of religion, health and medical, as well as entertainment, leisure, and sports. They have the lowest needs for information about social welfare, politics, and general/state election. The popularity of digital sources such as the Internet, social media, and mobile applications have become the main source of information seeking of the rural dwellers, with the traditional sources such as television, radio, and newspapers are still being widely used. When the perception of information source quality and accessibility is high, the frequency of using the source for information seeking is also high. Poor infrastructure and limited financial ability are cited as the main barriers to information seeking among the rural dwellers.
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Yap, C. S., Huong Tiew, F. N., Ngadan, A. A., & Ho, P. L. (2020). Information needs and information seeking behaviour of rural dwellers in Sarawak, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science, 25(2), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol25no2.5
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References
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Agarwal, N.K., Xu, Y. and Poo, D.C. 2011. A context‐based investigation into source use by information seekers. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol 62, no. 6: 1087-1104.
Alias, N.Z. 2018. State risk monitor Sarawak. Available at: https://www.marc.com.my/index.php/resources/research/economic-research/country-reports/925-state-risk-monitor-sarawak-20180125/file
Allen, F., Cain, R. and Meyer, C. 2020. Seeking relational information sources in the digital age: A study into information source preferences amongst family and friends of those with dementia. Dementia, Vol. 19, no. 3: 766-785.
Anderson, C.J., Glassman, M., McAfee, R.B. and Pinelli, T.E. 2001. An investigation of factors affecting how engineers and scientists seek information. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 18: 131-155.
Anwar, M.A. and Supaat, H.I. 1998. Information needs of rural Malaysians: An exploratory study of a cluster of three villages with no library service. International Information & Library Review, Vol. 30, no. 1: 23-36.
Belkin, N.J. 1978. Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, Vol. 34, no. 1: 55-85.
Benard, R., Dulle, F.W. and Hieromin, L.A. 2018. Information needs and accessibility by fish farmers in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, Vol. 67, no. 4/5: 209-225.
Butler, G., Khoo-Lattimore, C. and Mura, P. 2014. Heritage tourism in Malaysia: Fostering a collective national identity in an ethnically diverse country. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, no. 2: 199-218.
Case, D.O. 2006. Looking for Information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Chakrabarti, B. 2001. Over the edge of information in the information age: Information behaviour of the Totos: A small marginal tribal community in sub-Himalayan North Bengal, India. One individual perspective. The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 33, no. 2-3: 167-180.
Chen, Y. and Lu, Y. 2020. Factors influencing the information needs and information access channels of farmers: An empirical study in Guangdong, China. Journal of Information Science, Vol. 46, no. 1: 3-22.
Curley, S.P., Connelly, D.P. and Rich, E.C. 1990. Physicians’ use of medical knowledge resources: Preliminary theoretical framework and findings. Medical Decision Making, Vol. 10: 231-241.
Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020a. Population and housing census. Available at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=bDA2VkxRSU40STcxdkZ4OGJ0c1ZVdz09
Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020b. Sarawak @ a glance. Available at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=clJnWTlTbWFHdmUwbmtSTE1EQStFZz09
Dervin, B. 1992. From the mind’s eye of the user: The sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. Qualitative Research in Information Management, Vol. 9: 61-84.
Du, J. T. and Haines, J. 2017. Indigenous Australians’ information behaviour and Internet use in everyday life: an exploratory study. Information Research, Vol. 22, no. 1: paper 737. Available at: http://InformationR.net/ir/22-1/paper737.html
Durahman, N.H.A, Yanti Idaya, A.M.K. and Noorhidawati,A. 2019. Informational roles and information needs of formal caregivers at child welfare institutions in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 24, no. 3: 1-21.
Folitse, B.Y., Sam, J., Dzandu, L.P. and Osei, S.K. 2018. Poultry farmers' information needs and sources in selected rural communities in the greater Accra region, Ghana. International Information & Library Review, Vol. 50, no. 1: 1-12.
Hardy, A.P. 1982. The selection of channels when seeking information: Cost/benefit vs. least-effort. Information Processing and Management, Vol. 18, no. 6: 289-293.
Household Income Survey (HIS) 2014. Report of household income and basic amenities survey 2014. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
Ikoja-Odongo, R. and Ocholla, D.N. 2003. Information needs and information-seeking behavior of artisan fisher folk in Uganda. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 25, no. 1: 89-105.
Kalusopa, T. 2005. The challenges of utilizing information communication technologies (ICTs) for the small-scale farmers in Zambia. Library Hi Tech, Vol. 23, no. 3: 414-424.
Kim, K.-S. and Sin, S.-C. J. 2011. Selecting quality sources: Bridging the gap between the perception and use of information sources. Journal of Information Science, Vol. 37, no. 2: 178-188.
Krejcie, R. V. and Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 30, no. 3: 607-610.
Mahindarathne, M.G.P.P. and Min, Q. 2019. Factors that influence farmers’ information seeking behaviour: A study of Sri Lankan vegetable farmers. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 18, no. 03: 1950037.
Majid, S., Anwar, M.A., and Eisenschitz, T.S. 2000. Information needs and information seeking behavior of agricultural scientists in Malaysia. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 22, no. 2: 145-163.
Marton, C. and Choo, C.W. 2002. A question of quality: The effect of source quality on information seeking by women in IT professions, In: E. Toms, (ed.), Proceedings of the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission. 2016. Communications and multimedia: Facts and figures, 3Q 2016. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.
Hed, N.M. and Grasso, M.T. 2020. Age group differences in political activism in Malaysia. Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 23, no. 6: 765-779. Available at: DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2019.1636948.
Mohd-Nor, R., Chapun, T.E. and Wah, C.R.J. 2013. Malaysian rural community as consumer of health information and their use of ICT. Malaysian Journal of Communication, Vol. 29, no. 1: 161-177.
Momodu, M.O. 2002. Information needs and information seeking behaviour of rural dwellers in Nigeria: A case study of Ekpoma in Esan West local government area of Edo State, Nigeria. Library Review, Vol. 51, no. 8: 406-410.
Mooko, N.P. 2005. The information behaviors of rural women in Botswana. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 27, no. 1: 115-127.
Msoffe, G. E. and Ngulube, P. 2016. Information needs of poultry farmers in selected rural areas of Tanzania. Information Development, Vol. 32, no. 4: 1085-1096.
Musib, S.K. 1991. Information seeking patterns in the rural areas of West Bengali, Indian. A survey report on cottage industries. Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres Bulletin, Vol. 36, no. 4: 177-187.
Mwantimwa, K. 2020. Livelihood information and knowledge needs, access, and exchange in rural communities in the Bunda District, Tanzania. Rural Society, Vol. 29, no. 1: 30-43.
Naeem, S.B., Bhatti, R. and Ahmad, K. 2020. Information outreach interventions to promote the information access, use and exchange in the rural areas of Pakistan. Information Discovery and Delivery. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-09-2019-0066.
Nair, M., Han, G., Lee, H., Goon, P. and Muda, R. 2010. Determinants of the digital divide in rural communities of a developing country: The case of Malaysia. Development and Society, Vol 39, no. 1: 139-162.
Naveed, M.A. and Suhaib, A. 2019. Empowering women with information: An investigation of rural desert women’s information behaviour in Pakistan. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 4: 601-611.
Njoku, I.F. 2004. The information needs and information-seeking behaviour of fishermen in Lagos state, Nigeria. International Information & Library Review, Vol 36, no. 4: 297-307.
Okwu O.J. and Lorkaa T.I. 2011. An assessment of farmers’ use of new information and communication technologies as sources of agricultural information in Shongo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 13, no. 2: 41-52.
O’Reilly, C.A. 1982. Variations in decision makers’ use of information sources: The impact of quality and accessibility of information. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 25, no. 4: 756-771.
Panting, A. J., Abdullah, H., Ismail, I.A. and Roslan, S. 2018. Information-seeking behavior on sexual and reproductive health among rural adolescents in Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Vol. 5, no.1: 53-64.
Patrick, I.O. and Ferdinand, O.A. 2016. Rural women and their information seeking behavior. Library Philosophy and Practice, paper no. 1396. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1396/.
Phiri, A., Chipeta, G. T. and Chawinga, W. D. 2019. Information needs and barriers of rural smallholder farmers in developing countries: A case study of rural smallholder farmers in Malawi. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 3: 421-434.
Purnomo, S. H. and Kusnandar. 2019. Barriers to acceptance of information and communication technology in agricultural extension in Indonesia. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 4: 512-523.
Sarawak Multimedia Authority 2017. Sarawak Digital Economy Strategy 2018-2022: An overview booklet. Available at: http://www.sma.gov.my/upload/file_folder/ download/DEBooklet.pdf.
Savolainen, R. 1995. Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of way of life. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 17, no. 3: 259-294.
Savolainen, R. 2015. Providing informational support in an online discussion group and a Q&A site: The case of travel planning. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 66, no. 3: 450-461.
Savolainen, R. 2016. Approaches to socio-cultural barriers to information seeking. Library & Information Science Research, Vol 38, no. 1: 52-59.
Savolainen, R. 2018. Self-determination and expectancy-value: Comparison of cognitive psychological approaches to motivators for information seeking about job opportunities. Aslib Journal of Information Management, Vol. 70, no. 1: 123-140.
Shaifuddin, N., Ahmad, M. and Mokhtar, W.N.H.W. 2011. Rural youth's perceptions of information sources and rural library services. Library Philosophy and Practice, paper no. 655. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/655/.
Shuva, N. Z. 2017. The information practices of the fishermen in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Open Information Science, Vol. 1, no. 1: 21-40.
Superio, D. L., Nemiz, E. S., Oliveros, M. G. H., Palcullo, V. E. V., Yap-Zerrudo, A. M. A. and Canaman, J. B. 2019. Responsible aquaculturists: The information-seeking behavior of milkfish farmers in Iloilo, Philippines. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 5: 767-780.
Świgoń, M. 2011. Information barriers in libraries: Types, typologies and Polish empirical Studies. Library Management, Vol. 32, no. 6-7: 475-484.
Taylor, R. S. 1968. Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, Vol. 29, no. 3: 178-194.
Ting, C.Y., Abd Wahab, M.S., Lee, K.S., Tan, R.T.H. and Ming, L.C. 2017. A cross-sectional study on the use of, preference for, and perceived reliability of mass media for drug-related information among the general public in Sarawak. Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, Vol. 51, no. 2: 212-220.
Uta, J.J. 1993. Health information provision to rural communities in Malawi: Research findings. International Journal of Information & Library Research, Vol 5, no. 3: 143-153.
Wilson, T.D. 1999. Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, Vol. 55, no. 3: 249-270.
Wimberley, S.L. and McClean, J.L. 2012. Supermarket savvy: The everyday information-seeking behavior of grocery shoppers. Information & Culture, Vol. 47, no. 2: 176-205.
World Bank (2018). GINI index (World Bank estimate). Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI.
World Bank (2020). How do we define cities, towns, and rural areas?. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/how-do-we-define-cities-towns-and-rural-areas
Woudstra, L., van den Hooff, B. and Schouten, A. 2016. The quality versus accessibility debate revisited: A contingency perspective on human information source selection. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 67, no. 9: 2060-2071.
Xu, Y., Tan, B.C.Y. and Yang, L. 2006. Who will you ask? An empirical study of interpersonal task information seeking. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 57, no. 12: 1666-1677.
Zhang, Y. and Yu, L. 2009. Information for social and economic participation: A review of related research on the information needs and acquisition of rural Chinese. The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 41, no. 2: 63-70.
Zimmer, J. C., Henry, R. M. and Butler, B. S. 2007. Determinants of the Use of Relational and Nonrelational Information Sources. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 24, no. 3: 297-331.
Agarwal, N.K., Xu, Y. and Poo, D.C. 2011. A context‐based investigation into source use by information seekers. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol 62, no. 6: 1087-1104.
Alias, N.Z. 2018. State risk monitor Sarawak. Available at: https://www.marc.com.my/index.php/resources/research/economic-research/country-reports/925-state-risk-monitor-sarawak-20180125/file
Allen, F., Cain, R. and Meyer, C. 2020. Seeking relational information sources in the digital age: A study into information source preferences amongst family and friends of those with dementia. Dementia, Vol. 19, no. 3: 766-785.
Anderson, C.J., Glassman, M., McAfee, R.B. and Pinelli, T.E. 2001. An investigation of factors affecting how engineers and scientists seek information. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, Vol. 18: 131-155.
Anwar, M.A. and Supaat, H.I. 1998. Information needs of rural Malaysians: An exploratory study of a cluster of three villages with no library service. International Information & Library Review, Vol. 30, no. 1: 23-36.
Belkin, N.J. 1978. Information concepts for information science. Journal of Documentation, Vol. 34, no. 1: 55-85.
Benard, R., Dulle, F.W. and Hieromin, L.A. 2018. Information needs and accessibility by fish farmers in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, Vol. 67, no. 4/5: 209-225.
Butler, G., Khoo-Lattimore, C. and Mura, P. 2014. Heritage tourism in Malaysia: Fostering a collective national identity in an ethnically diverse country. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 19, no. 2: 199-218.
Case, D.O. 2006. Looking for Information: A survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. Bingley, UK: Emerald.
Chakrabarti, B. 2001. Over the edge of information in the information age: Information behaviour of the Totos: A small marginal tribal community in sub-Himalayan North Bengal, India. One individual perspective. The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 33, no. 2-3: 167-180.
Chen, Y. and Lu, Y. 2020. Factors influencing the information needs and information access channels of farmers: An empirical study in Guangdong, China. Journal of Information Science, Vol. 46, no. 1: 3-22.
Curley, S.P., Connelly, D.P. and Rich, E.C. 1990. Physicians’ use of medical knowledge resources: Preliminary theoretical framework and findings. Medical Decision Making, Vol. 10: 231-241.
Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020a. Population and housing census. Available at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=bDA2VkxRSU40STcxdkZ4OGJ0c1ZVdz09
Department of Statistics Malaysia 2020b. Sarawak @ a glance. Available at: https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=clJnWTlTbWFHdmUwbmtSTE1EQStFZz09
Dervin, B. 1992. From the mind’s eye of the user: The sense-making qualitative-quantitative methodology. Qualitative Research in Information Management, Vol. 9: 61-84.
Du, J. T. and Haines, J. 2017. Indigenous Australians’ information behaviour and Internet use in everyday life: an exploratory study. Information Research, Vol. 22, no. 1: paper 737. Available at: http://InformationR.net/ir/22-1/paper737.html
Durahman, N.H.A, Yanti Idaya, A.M.K. and Noorhidawati,A. 2019. Informational roles and information needs of formal caregivers at child welfare institutions in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 24, no. 3: 1-21.
Folitse, B.Y., Sam, J., Dzandu, L.P. and Osei, S.K. 2018. Poultry farmers' information needs and sources in selected rural communities in the greater Accra region, Ghana. International Information & Library Review, Vol. 50, no. 1: 1-12.
Hardy, A.P. 1982. The selection of channels when seeking information: Cost/benefit vs. least-effort. Information Processing and Management, Vol. 18, no. 6: 289-293.
Household Income Survey (HIS) 2014. Report of household income and basic amenities survey 2014. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
Ikoja-Odongo, R. and Ocholla, D.N. 2003. Information needs and information-seeking behavior of artisan fisher folk in Uganda. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 25, no. 1: 89-105.
Kalusopa, T. 2005. The challenges of utilizing information communication technologies (ICTs) for the small-scale farmers in Zambia. Library Hi Tech, Vol. 23, no. 3: 414-424.
Kim, K.-S. and Sin, S.-C. J. 2011. Selecting quality sources: Bridging the gap between the perception and use of information sources. Journal of Information Science, Vol. 37, no. 2: 178-188.
Krejcie, R. V. and Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 30, no. 3: 607-610.
Mahindarathne, M.G.P.P. and Min, Q. 2019. Factors that influence farmers’ information seeking behaviour: A study of Sri Lankan vegetable farmers. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, Vol. 18, no. 03: 1950037.
Majid, S., Anwar, M.A., and Eisenschitz, T.S. 2000. Information needs and information seeking behavior of agricultural scientists in Malaysia. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 22, no. 2: 145-163.
Marton, C. and Choo, C.W. 2002. A question of quality: The effect of source quality on information seeking by women in IT professions, In: E. Toms, (ed.), Proceedings of the 65th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science. Medford, NJ: Information Today.
Malaysia Communications and Multimedia Commission. 2016. Communications and multimedia: Facts and figures, 3Q 2016. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission.
Hed, N.M. and Grasso, M.T. 2020. Age group differences in political activism in Malaysia. Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 23, no. 6: 765-779. Available at: DOI: 10.1080/13676261.2019.1636948.
Mohd-Nor, R., Chapun, T.E. and Wah, C.R.J. 2013. Malaysian rural community as consumer of health information and their use of ICT. Malaysian Journal of Communication, Vol. 29, no. 1: 161-177.
Momodu, M.O. 2002. Information needs and information seeking behaviour of rural dwellers in Nigeria: A case study of Ekpoma in Esan West local government area of Edo State, Nigeria. Library Review, Vol. 51, no. 8: 406-410.
Mooko, N.P. 2005. The information behaviors of rural women in Botswana. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 27, no. 1: 115-127.
Msoffe, G. E. and Ngulube, P. 2016. Information needs of poultry farmers in selected rural areas of Tanzania. Information Development, Vol. 32, no. 4: 1085-1096.
Musib, S.K. 1991. Information seeking patterns in the rural areas of West Bengali, Indian. A survey report on cottage industries. Indian Association of Special Libraries and Information Centres Bulletin, Vol. 36, no. 4: 177-187.
Mwantimwa, K. 2020. Livelihood information and knowledge needs, access, and exchange in rural communities in the Bunda District, Tanzania. Rural Society, Vol. 29, no. 1: 30-43.
Naeem, S.B., Bhatti, R. and Ahmad, K. 2020. Information outreach interventions to promote the information access, use and exchange in the rural areas of Pakistan. Information Discovery and Delivery. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/IDD-09-2019-0066.
Nair, M., Han, G., Lee, H., Goon, P. and Muda, R. 2010. Determinants of the digital divide in rural communities of a developing country: The case of Malaysia. Development and Society, Vol 39, no. 1: 139-162.
Naveed, M.A. and Suhaib, A. 2019. Empowering women with information: An investigation of rural desert women’s information behaviour in Pakistan. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 4: 601-611.
Njoku, I.F. 2004. The information needs and information-seeking behaviour of fishermen in Lagos state, Nigeria. International Information & Library Review, Vol 36, no. 4: 297-307.
Okwu O.J. and Lorkaa T.I. 2011. An assessment of farmers’ use of new information and communication technologies as sources of agricultural information in Shongo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, Vol. 13, no. 2: 41-52.
O’Reilly, C.A. 1982. Variations in decision makers’ use of information sources: The impact of quality and accessibility of information. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 25, no. 4: 756-771.
Panting, A. J., Abdullah, H., Ismail, I.A. and Roslan, S. 2018. Information-seeking behavior on sexual and reproductive health among rural adolescents in Sarawak, Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Vol. 5, no.1: 53-64.
Patrick, I.O. and Ferdinand, O.A. 2016. Rural women and their information seeking behavior. Library Philosophy and Practice, paper no. 1396. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/1396/.
Phiri, A., Chipeta, G. T. and Chawinga, W. D. 2019. Information needs and barriers of rural smallholder farmers in developing countries: A case study of rural smallholder farmers in Malawi. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 3: 421-434.
Purnomo, S. H. and Kusnandar. 2019. Barriers to acceptance of information and communication technology in agricultural extension in Indonesia. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 4: 512-523.
Sarawak Multimedia Authority 2017. Sarawak Digital Economy Strategy 2018-2022: An overview booklet. Available at: http://www.sma.gov.my/upload/file_folder/ download/DEBooklet.pdf.
Savolainen, R. 1995. Everyday life information seeking: Approaching information seeking in the context of way of life. Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 17, no. 3: 259-294.
Savolainen, R. 2015. Providing informational support in an online discussion group and a Q&A site: The case of travel planning. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 66, no. 3: 450-461.
Savolainen, R. 2016. Approaches to socio-cultural barriers to information seeking. Library & Information Science Research, Vol 38, no. 1: 52-59.
Savolainen, R. 2018. Self-determination and expectancy-value: Comparison of cognitive psychological approaches to motivators for information seeking about job opportunities. Aslib Journal of Information Management, Vol. 70, no. 1: 123-140.
Shaifuddin, N., Ahmad, M. and Mokhtar, W.N.H.W. 2011. Rural youth's perceptions of information sources and rural library services. Library Philosophy and Practice, paper no. 655. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/655/.
Shuva, N. Z. 2017. The information practices of the fishermen in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh. Open Information Science, Vol. 1, no. 1: 21-40.
Superio, D. L., Nemiz, E. S., Oliveros, M. G. H., Palcullo, V. E. V., Yap-Zerrudo, A. M. A. and Canaman, J. B. 2019. Responsible aquaculturists: The information-seeking behavior of milkfish farmers in Iloilo, Philippines. Information Development, Vol. 35, no. 5: 767-780.
Świgoń, M. 2011. Information barriers in libraries: Types, typologies and Polish empirical Studies. Library Management, Vol. 32, no. 6-7: 475-484.
Taylor, R. S. 1968. Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, Vol. 29, no. 3: 178-194.
Ting, C.Y., Abd Wahab, M.S., Lee, K.S., Tan, R.T.H. and Ming, L.C. 2017. A cross-sectional study on the use of, preference for, and perceived reliability of mass media for drug-related information among the general public in Sarawak. Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science, Vol. 51, no. 2: 212-220.
Uta, J.J. 1993. Health information provision to rural communities in Malawi: Research findings. International Journal of Information & Library Research, Vol 5, no. 3: 143-153.
Wilson, T.D. 1999. Models in information behaviour research. Journal of Documentation, Vol. 55, no. 3: 249-270.
Wimberley, S.L. and McClean, J.L. 2012. Supermarket savvy: The everyday information-seeking behavior of grocery shoppers. Information & Culture, Vol. 47, no. 2: 176-205.
World Bank (2018). GINI index (World Bank estimate). Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI.
World Bank (2020). How do we define cities, towns, and rural areas?. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/sustainablecities/how-do-we-define-cities-towns-and-rural-areas
Woudstra, L., van den Hooff, B. and Schouten, A. 2016. The quality versus accessibility debate revisited: A contingency perspective on human information source selection. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 67, no. 9: 2060-2071.
Xu, Y., Tan, B.C.Y. and Yang, L. 2006. Who will you ask? An empirical study of interpersonal task information seeking. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 57, no. 12: 1666-1677.
Zhang, Y. and Yu, L. 2009. Information for social and economic participation: A review of related research on the information needs and acquisition of rural Chinese. The International Information & Library Review, Vol. 41, no. 2: 63-70.
Zimmer, J. C., Henry, R. M. and Butler, B. S. 2007. Determinants of the Use of Relational and Nonrelational Information Sources. Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 24, no. 3: 297-331.